Oxidative stress is quite a buzzword in the skincare world, often linked to premature ageing and skin damage. But what exactly is it, is it a real thing or just a marketing term on expensive Californian skincare? and if real... how does it impact your skin?
In this article, we’ll break down the science behind oxidative stress, uncover its causes, and explore its effects on your skin. You’ll also discover that it’s not entirely bad—when kept in check. Plus, we’ll look at external factors that accelerate oxidative stress and the powerful molecules that help fight it.
The Origins of Oxidative Stress: It All Starts with Breathing
Oxygen is essential for nearly all life forms—humans, animals, plants, and even bacteria. It’s most commonly associated with respiration, a biological process that fuels our bodies with energy.
In humans, breathing is just the surface level of this process. Deep within our cells, microscopic structures called mitochondria convert nutrients from food into energy through cellular respiration. This process has existed for nearly two billion years, evolving as Earth's atmosphere became oxygen-rich. However, this energy production comes at a cost—it generates by-products known as free radicals. And that’s where oxidative stress begins.
Free Radicals: Friend or Foe?
First discovered in 1954 by scientist Denham Harman, free radicals—also known as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)—are unstable molecules that can damage cell structures. In their quest for stability, they attack proteins, DNA, and cell membranes, leading to cellular deterioration.
But free radicals aren’t all bad! Much like inflammation is necessary for healing, free radicals play a crucial role in cell communication and maintaining the body’s equilibrium. The key lies in keeping them balanced.
The Delicate Balance: When Free Radicals Take Over
Since breathing is essential, free radical production is inevitable. Fortunately, the body produces its own defence system—antioxidants—to neutralise them. When free radicals are generated in normal amounts, the body maintains equilibrium by producing antioxidants to counteract them. However, if free radicals surge or antioxidant defences weaken, an imbalance occurs—this is oxidative stress. In some cases, oxidative stress is short-lived, and the body adapts by boosting its antioxidant production. This can be beneficial, helping to build resilience against environmental stressors. However, prolonged oxidative stress can lead to significant damage, particularly for the skin.
Oxidative Stress and Skin Ageing
One of the biggest consequences of oxidative stress is accelerated skin ageing. As we grow older, our skin naturally produces more free radicals while its ability to defend itself with antioxidants declines. External factors—known as the exposome—can worsen this process.
-The Main Culprits Behind Oxidative Stress in the Skin-
Sun & UV Radiation: Within 15 minutes of sun exposure, free radicals start forming in the skin, increasing for up to an hour. Over time, excessive UV exposure breaks down collagen and elastin, leading to wrinkles, sagging, and loss of firmness.
Pollution: City dwellers, take note! Air pollution doesn’t just affect your lungs—it also intensifies oxidative stress on the skin’s surface. When pollutants react with UV radiation, they create ozone, which damages the skin’s natural lipids, weakening its barrier.
Stress & Smoking: Chronic psychological stress has been linked to oxidative stress in the skin, while smoking reduces antioxidant levels, particularly vitamin C, making the skin more vulnerable to damage.
How to Protect Your Skin from Oxidative Stress
Wrinkles, uneven skin texture, a dull complexion, and pigmentation issues—these are all signs of oxidative stress at work. The good news? You can fight back!
Skincare experts recommend incorporating antioxidants into your daily routine as early as possible. Ingredients like vitamin C, vitamin E, kelp, Dragosine and niacinamide work wonders in neutralising free radicals and keeping oxidative stress in check.
Final Thoughts: Keep Your Skin Glowing!
While oxidative stress is a natural part of life, too much of it can take a toll on your skin. The key is balance—supporting your skin’s defence system with antioxidants, sun protection, and a healthy lifestyle. With the right care, you can keep oxidative stress under control and enjoy radiant, youthful skin for years to come!
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